WITCHCRAFT AMONG THE AZANDE

Witchcraft among the Azande is suitable for showing in undergraduate and graduate classes on topics of religion, philosophy, and African ethnography. It could also be stimulating to discussions of psychology and medicine. The success of the Granada series on public television in England indicates its appeal to a much wider audience as well. P. Leis

52 minutes Colour 1981
Film-maker: André Singer
Anthropologist: John Ryle

Evans-Pritchard's book Witchcraft, Oracles and Magic among the Azande has become a classic of both ethnography and theories of witchcraft. Now, anthropologist John Ryle and film-maker André Singer, who was himself one of Evans-Pritchard's students and has published on the Azande, have teamed together to produce the film Witchcraft among the Azande for Granada Television's Disappearing World series. Singer wanted to learn for himself the accuracy of Evans-Pritchard's analysis and to note the changes since the original fieldwork carried out between 1926 and 1930.

Among the Azande, witchcraft is considered to be a major danger. They believe that witchcraft can be inherited and that a person can be a witch, causing others harm, without realising her or his influence. Because of this danger, effective means of diagnosing witchcraft are, for them, vital. One method is through the use of an oracle. Several kinds of oracles are explored in the film, the most important being benge, a poison which is fed to baby chickens. The chick's death or survival provides the oracle's answer. Azande also use benge to judge other evidence in a court before a chief.

Anthropologists have long argued about the nature and significance of beliefs in witchcraft and sorcery and, more generally, about the similarities and differences between `traditional' thought and Western science. This film treads a delicate path, exploring an explanation of reality incomprehensible to a majority of Westerners and, at the same time, trying to portray the Azande as a clear-thinking, and almost familiar group of people. In this aim the film succeeds by creating a tension whereby the oracle's answers are important to the viewers because they have become involved and are forming their own opinions about the guilt or innocence of the defendants.

Zande is not a static society and much has changed since Evans-Pritchard's original fieldwork. The area filmed is influenced by Catholicism; people are Christian, but the church cannot give answers to many of the questions of the Azande people. The older people see their children abandoning traditional moral and other values. For this schism, the older people seem to blame the government more than the church as the church teaches a value system consonant with the traditional one. Yet, alongside the Christian influence and changes among the younger generation, the power of beliefs in witchcraft and oracles remains. If Singer wanted to give support to Evans-Pritchard's ethnography, he has done so with Witchcraft among the Azande. Catalogue number (VHS): RA/VHS141 £8.

J. Beattie, 1982. Review of the film. RAIN, No. 50, pp. 19-20.

M. Douglas, 1967. `Witch Beliefs in Central Africa'. Africa, Vol. 37, pp. 72-80.

M. Douglas (ed.), 1970. Witchcraft Confessions and Accusations. Tavistock, London.

E.E. Evans-Pritchard, 1937. Witchcraft, Oracles and Magic among the Azande. Faber and Faber, London.

E.E. Evans-Pritchard, 1971. The Azande: History and Political Institutions, Clarendon Press, Oxford.

E.E. Evans-Pritchard, 1974.(ed.) Man and Woman among the Azande. Faber and Faber, London.

E. Gero, 1968. Death among the Azande of the Sudan (Beliefs, Rites, Cults). Nigrizia Press, Bologna. [A Catholic priest's impressions of witchcraft after living with the Azande for thirty years.]

R. Horton, 1967. `African Traditional Thought and Western Science. 1 and 2'. Africa, Vol. 37, pp. 50-71 and pp. 155-87. [African ideas of causation, differences from Western beliefs.]

P. Leis, 1984. Review of the film. American Anthropologist, Vol. 86, pp. 1066-67.

L.Mair, 1969. Witchcraft, Weidenfield and Nicholson, London.

C.C. Reining, 1966. The Zande Scheme, Northwestern University Press, Evanston Illinois. [Later history.]

A. Retel-Laurentin, 1969. Oracles et Ordalies chez les Nzakara, Mouton, Paris.

A. Singer and B. Street (eds.), 1972. Zande Themes: Essays presented to Sir Edward Evans-Pritchard. Basil Blackwell, Oxford.

A. Singer with L. Woodhead, 1988. Disappearing World: Television and Anthropology. Granada Television Ltd., Boxtree.